Alibaba Competing in China and Beyond

Case: Alibaba Competing in China and Beyond Electric commerce (e-commerce) is the buying and selling of products or services over an electronic medium like the internet. The advantages of e-commerce are speedy transactions, less travel, low operational costs, ability to reach a large customer base, and round the clock buying and selling. Some of the disadvantages of e-commerce are the minimum amounts of customer to company interactions which leads to trust issues, e-commerce is prone to fraud and theft, and there is no guarantee on product quality.In a market like China, it's important to understand the local culture, values, the political government, and the language. The political government in China has a major impact on the Internet companies in China. It is important for e-commerce companies in China to understand how to successfully launch a Chinese language website or design a search engine that would suit the complex language. In order to gain an edge amongst their competitor s, international companies must seek out local help to understand the local culture and values, the language, the consumers, and how to deal with the politics of the region.Alibaba, founded by Jack Ma, is a website which allows for buyers and sellers all over the globe to engage in electronic business transactions. Alibaba played a major role in bringing the Internet Revolution to China. Ma achieved this by allowing small and medium-size enterprises (SME) in China to benefit from cross border trade through his website. Alibaba made their money from the 21 million users who paid annual subscriptions. Alibaba established itself when the Chinese Internet industry was still in its infancy.This was the perfect opportunity for e-commerce companies because of the lack of competition. However, the competition that they did face were Global Sources and MeetChina, which were also launched in 1999. In order to gain a competitive advantage in the B2B market Alibaba did not charge fees for any t ransaction. That was a strategy that critics were skeptical about. However, Alibaba built a customer base that would end up to be unrivaled. What made Alibaba so successful was its ability to rapidly adapt to current market trends in China.In the dotcom bubble burst Alibaba reformulated their strategy to concentrating on improving its business in China rather than focusing on global markets, they moved the headquarters back from Shanghai to Hangzhou, and they would concentrate on the richest regions in China. Foreign companies saw opportunity in China's expanding e-commerce market. One of those companies was US-based eBay Inc. , who entered China by acquiring stake in Shanghai's EachNet. com for $30 million. Ma then launched Taobao to rival eBay in the Business to Consumer (B2C) and Consumer to Consumer (C2C) market.Again, Taobao employed the free concept strategy to attempt to build a consumer base by offering free listings on their website. Alibaba also developed a promotional str ategy for Taobao in which they advertised through online ads and billboards. Taobao also had a unique feature where users can e-mail and chat with each other onsite unlike their eBay counterparts who concealed sellers identity and only offered communications through offline messaging. Taobao also addressed the trust factor during online transactions between buyers and sellers by developing AliPay, similar to Paypal.The first mistake that eBay Inc. made was that they based their business strategy on the US business model. What works well in one region will not work in others. Ma quoted â€Å"We knew that someday, eBay would come in our direction. † indicating that Alibaba had done their research and they were prepared for the arrival of any potential rivals. After cornering 79% of the market shares in China, eBay soon found itself in fierce competition with Alibaba when Alibaba made quick marketing adjustments. Bay ‘s other mistake was that they entered China assuming th at they have a global product. What they failed to realize is that the Taobao product was designed for the local consumer while eBay's product was more product based, meaning they are more concerned with how to get more consumers to use their product rather than does this product fit the consumers wants and needs. eBay declined to drop their auction fees and failed to improve consumer interaction on their website to compete with Taobao. eBay should have focused more on the local strategies that other local business use.They could have done this if they were more consumer driven and aligned with the local environment. eBay should have went through the process of environmental scanning. They should have conducted an analysis of their current and potential competitors to find out what their goals and strategies are and what are their strengths and weaknesses. eBay's lack of knowledge and ignorance of the local market left them unprepared for rapid change that local businesses employ. F oreign competitors fail to enter the Chinese market because they lack the nderstanding of the language, the culture, and they lack the ability to adapt rapidly to change. Foreign companies can address this issue by preparing a strategy for entry such as organize ways to enable fast communication and processes for quick business decision making. They should hire within the country to adopt the workers who have a understanding of the local culture and values. They should be prepared for change and learn to adapt with the local market trends and prepare a plan of action to react faster.

Malaysian Cyber Law and Electronic Government Law

SMK GERIK JALAN KUALA KENDERONG 33300 GERIK. PERAK CONSTRUCT CODE: LA3. S07. 1 CURRENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS CANDIDATE’S NAME:NURUL SHAZLIN BINTI SULAIMAN CANDIDATE’S IC:960717-06-5978 ASSESSOR’S NAME:NOR AZLINA BINTI OTHMAN ASSESSOR’S SIGNATURE: DATE OF SUBMISSION: Index Bil | Content| Page| 1| Introduction | 4| 2| Mobile Computing| | | 2. 1 Definition| 5| | 2. 2 Specifications, Services, and Frequencies of Mobile Computing| 5| 3| Internet Technology and Services| | | 3. 1 VoIP| 6| | 3. 2 BLOG| 6| 4| Types of Network| | | 4. 1 PAN| 7| | 4. 2 VPN| 7| | 4. 3 WLAN| 8| | 4. 4 WIMAX| 8| | Conclusion| 9| | Reference| 9| 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MOBILE COMPUTING 3. 1. Definiton 3. 2. Specification, services, and frequencies of Mobile Computing 3. INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES 4. 3. VoIP 4. 4. BLOG 4. TYPES OF NETWORK 5. 5. PAN 5. 6. VPN 5. 7. WLAN 5. 8. WIMAX 5. CONCLUSION REFERENCE 1. 0 INTRODUCTION A computer network and communicat ion is defined  as a collection of computers and devicesconnected by communications channels that facilitates communications among users and allowsusers to share resources with other users. Computer Network A computer network is a system of interconnected computers and peripheral devices.For example, it may connect computers, printers, scanners and cameras. Using hardware and software, these interconnected computing devices can communicate with each other through defined rules of data communications. In a network, computers can exchange and share information and resources. A computer network may operate on wired connections or wireless connections. When two or more networks are linked or connected and are able to communicate with one another using suitable hardware and software, it is called an internetwork. Communications Communications is about the transfer of information from a sender, across a distance, to a receiver.Using electricity, radio waves or light, information and dat a in the form of codes are transmitted through a physical medium such as wire, cable, or even the atmosphere. Therefore, in order to make communications possible from computers, across telephones and radios and back to computers and other digital devices again, there must be a signal translator, which we call-a modem. The modem, which is short for modulator or demodulator, converts digital signals into analog and back again into digital signals for information to move across the telephone line. Computer NetworkCommunications 2. 0 MOBILE COMPUTING 2. Definition Mobile computing refers to the use of small and portable computing devices in wireless enabled networks that provide wireless connections to a internet or central main server. These devices include laptops, notebook PCs, tablet PCs, palmtops, personal digital assistant (PDAs) and other hand held devices. A radio-signaling device is installed inside these devices for receiving and transmitting electronic data. Mobile computing has enabled users to remain connected while on the move. High end users can opt for satellite based networking which provides wireless connectivity anywhere in the world.However, this technology is costly and will take many years to become as affordable as Wi-Fi and WiMax. 2. 2Specification, services, and frequencies of Mobile Computing The latest 4G device from  T-mobile is the Samsung Galaxy S  4G. This phone works on T-Mobile's HSPA+ 4G network, which uses a different technical standard than Sprint or Verizon Wireless' 4G networks. The Samsung  Galaxy S 4G  is the wireless carrier's first  smartphone   that is capable of delivering theoretical peak download speeds of up to 21 Mbps while in one of T-Mobile's 4G coverage areas.In addition to fast speeds, the  Galaxy S 4G has a large, 4-inch display, a  Samsung 1GHz Cortex A8 Hummingbird processor, and a preinstalled 16GB microSD memory card. Like other phones in  the Galaxy S line, this phone also has Samsung's  Super AMOLED touchscreen display. 3. 0 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES 3. 1VoIP VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is refered as the transmission of voice traffic over IP-based networks. There are three ways to connect to a VoIP network which is by using a VoIP telephone, using a normal telephone with a VoIP adapter and using a computer with speakers and microphone. . 2BLOG A blog (web log or weblog) is one of the popular activities on the Internet. Most of these blogs are publicly shared and the autors frequently update the content on a regular basis. Blog is usually referred to the text produced by author about his or her thoughts, experiences or interest. The world of blogging is referred as blogosphere. Another new term is the blogonomics, which refers to people using the blogosphere to generate money. The posts to a blog are usually arranged in this order, the most recent entries will always be on top of the journal. . 0 TYPES of NETWORK 4. 1PAN A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices including PCs, laptops, printers, telephones, digital cameras, mobile phone, video game consoles and personal digital assistants, close to one person. PAN may be wired with USB port, Firewire port, Infrared(IrDA) and Bluetooth technologies. Bluetooth is the popular wireless PAN used by most people, especially the mobile phone technologies, and it applies the IEEE 802. 15. 1 standards. 4. 2VPNA Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the internet, to remote offices or individuals with secure access to their organisation’s private network. VPN uses tunnelling mechanism to maintain privacy and security of the data. Tunnelling means transmiting data packets across a public network. VPN is often used by companies to provide access from their internal network resources to their home or mobile workers. 4. 3WLAN Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a t ype of LAN that uses high-frequency radio waves to communicate between nodes.WLAN improves user mobility, speed and scalability to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the network. The IEEE standard for Wireless Lans is 802. 11. 4. 4WIMAX Worlwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is the industry term for broadband wireless access network that is developed based on the IEEE 802. 16 standard. WiMAX is a Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) technology that will connect WiFi hotspots to the Internet and provides a wireless extension to cable and DSL for larger broadband access.WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at higher speeds, over greater distances and for a greater number of users. A WiMAX system will have two major parts: * A WiMAX base station, similar in concept to a mobile phone tower. * A WiMAX receiver installed at home. 5. 0 CONCLUSION As a brief conclusion, computer network and communication are expanding rapidly each and e veryday making sharing of information trilion times better before they exist. Mobile computing is now getting edgier by the day. New technologies are being implemented, tested and apply in mobile computing making us and the future another step closer.The internet is also getting better along the lines of the information age. Meanwhile, types of network available for us adding it on top of making computer networks and communications the new best friend. REFERENCE * http://hothardware. com/Reviews/Samsung-Galaxy-S-4G-Review/ * http://blog. propertycrown. com/najib-leaves-for-new-york-seeks-investments/ * http://smklunduictclass. blogspot. com/2012/07/3511-describe-c-types-of-network. html * http://www. escotal. com/Images/computer/PAN. png * http://www. mywistore. com/images/Brent%20Lovett%20060809_WiMax. gif

Self Regulation Theory In Relation To Motivation Education Essay

Learning and geting a 2nd or foreign linguistic communication can be hard for some people and at the same clip easy for others. Factors act uponing this observation may be explained in footings of single differences in Second Language Acquisition ( SLA ) . These person ‘s differences may include personality, intelligence, linguistic communication acquisition schemes, attitude, emotion and motive. Some research workers believe that motive may impact scholars ‘ whole procedure of larning a 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) ( Gardner & A ; Lambert, 1972 ) . One theory which has long been recognised in the field is called self-government theory ( e.g. Brown 1981, 1990 ) , and it examines intrinsic/extrinsic motive in L2 acquisition. However, there has besides been a development of a more process-oriented theoretical attack viz. the procedure theoretical account of L2 motive by Dornyei & A ; Otto ( 1998 ) . They have highlighted the importance of developing self-regulatory schemes to pull off, reinforce or prolong one ‘s motive during the class of larning. Consequently, L2 self-regulation theory was subsequently proposed by Dornyei ( 2005 ) , and the theory represents a major reformation of old motivational thought. This essay, hence, will discourse the extent in which motive plays a cardinal function in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. The focal point of this essay is specifically on the linkage between self-regulation theory and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, utilizing the writer ‘s personal experience in Iranian linguistic communication acquisition as a instance survey. Research Objective The purpose of this essay is to analyze the writer ‘s experience in Iranian linguistic communication acquisition and analyse, based on self-regulation theory, to what extent motive contributes to the acquisition of a 2nd linguistic communication. Methodology The essay employs a qualitative analysis based on theories and the writer ‘s personal experience in Iranian linguistic communication acquisition. First, definitions of the term ‘motivation ‘ will be briefly demonstrated, and the most appropriate definition for this essay will be chosen. Second, theories and concepts of motive in relation to self-regulation will be explored. Third, the function of motive in the writer ‘s Iranian Learning Experience will be evaluated based on self-regulation theory. Finally, a decision will be presented with a farther treatment on future recommendations.Chapter TWODEFINITIONS OF MOTIVATION Motivation is a wide construct, and definitions of motive vary harmonizing to research and findings. The purpose of this subdivision is to research several definitions of the term ‘motivation ‘ and conclude on the most appropriate definition in 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) larning which will lend to this essay. To get down with, motive comes from the Latin verb ‘movere ‘ which means to travel. It can be described as the driver bring oning a individual to take a certain action, do a determination, or invest attempts toward transporting out certain behaviors ( Dornyei & A ; Ushioda, 2011: 3 ) . In a psychological position, motive is frequently defined as the psychological quality that leads people to accomplish a end. For linguistic communication scholars, command of a linguistic communication may be a end. For others, communicative competency or even basic communicating accomplishments could be a end. In a socio-educational model, motive to larn the 2nd linguistic communication is viewed as necessitating three elements: attempt, desire, and enjoyment. First, the motivated single must use an attempt to larn the linguistic communication. There must be a relentless and consistent strive to accomplish success in larning such as by making prep, practising the linguistic communication whenever there is an chance, etc. Second, the person must show the desire to accomplish the end. Such single will make all that is necessary to accomplish the end. Third, the motivated person will bask the undertaking of larning the linguistic communication. Such an person will state that it is fun, a challenge, and gratifying, even though at times enthusiasm may be less than at other times. All three elements-effort, desire, and enjoyment-are necessary in order to distinguish persons who are more motivated and those who are less motivated. However, each component, by itself, is seen as deficient to reflec t motive. Some pupils may expose attempt, even though they have no strong desire to win, and may non happen the experience peculiarly gratifying. Others may desire to larn the linguistic communication, but may hold other things that detract from their attempt, etc. Motivation in Second Language Acquisition In the field of Second Language Acquisition research, motive has been identified as one of the key factors which determines L2 accomplishment and attainment. Motivation ab initio serves as an drift to bring forth acquisition and subsequently as a prolonging force to guarantee that the scholar remains on-track with geting the mark linguistic communication ( Cheng & A ; Dornyei, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Gardner ( 1985: 50 ) , he posits that motive in acquisition is based on four features: â€Å" a end, effortful behavior, a desire to achieve the end and favorable attitudes toward the activity in inquiry. † Dornyei and Otto ‘s definition of L2 motive ( 1998: 65 ) has a broader sense ; they defined motive as â€Å" the dynamically altering cumulative rousing in a individual that initiates, directs, co-ordinates, amplifies, terminates, and evaluates the cognitive and motor procedures whereby initial wants and desires are selected, prioritised, operationalised and ( successful ly or unsuccessfully ) acted out. † Harmonizing to Dornyei and Ushioda ( 2011: 4 ) , the by far definition that most SLA research, including this essay, would hold on concerns the ‘direction ‘ and ‘magnitude ‘ of human behavior, that is, motive histories for: why people decide to make something ( pick ) , how long they are willing to prolong the activity ( continuity ) , and how difficult they are traveling to prosecute it ( attempt ) . It is of import to observe that although pick, continuity, attempt are the three key issues leting scholars to modulate their ain motive, Ushioda ( 2003: 99-100 ) further demonstrates that in order for motive to turn in a positive manner, it can non be seen as a progressive efforts to modulate behavior from outside. There needs to be supportive interpersonal procedures which foster the development of liberty and the growing and ordinance of motive from interior. Thus, with this in head, this essay will see the issue of motive in relation to self-regulation in the undermentioned chapter.Chapter THREEREVIEW OF SELF-REGULATION THEORY IN RELATION TO MOTIVATION IN SLA It has been widely accepted that motive plays an of import function non merely in general academic acquisition, but besides in the procedure of accomplishing the end in a 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. Harmonizing to Dornyei ( 2002 ) , L2 motive has been seen as a dynamic concept that directs and enhances larning behaviors. There are many theories that devoted to motive in relation to autonomy and scheme usage, and two most-cited theories are self-determination theory and self-regulation theory. The self-government theory, which was developed from the instruction psychological science attack, examines about intrinsic and extrinsic motive in relation to the scholar ‘s behaviors and ordinance. It denotes a sense of pick, personal duty, and self-initiation of behaviors. While the self-regulation theory, a more recent development within the field of SLA research, refers to spontaneous ideas, feelings, and actions that are planned and cyclically adapted to the attainment of personal ends. Other well-known related theories are Language Learning Strategies ( LLS ) and L2 Motivational Self System. LLS is another attack which relates to strategic behaviors and keys property of good linguistic communication scholars. This theory has been seeking to set up a nexus between strategic behavior and existent acquisition additions, to show that schemes are non culturally biased, and to explicate why hapless schemes user differs from good scheme users merely in how they use schemes in context but non in the sorts or frequence of scheme they use ( Ortega, 2009:214 ) . Though self-regulation is a more recent alternate survey that replacing the traditional accent on sheer frequence of scheme usage. Its accent on the creativeness of attempts employed to command one ‘s acquisition processes is the chief issue I would wish to indicate out in this essay. L2 Motivational Self Systemis another of import recent theory of L2 motive proposed by Dornyei ( 2005 ) . It concerns motive particularly in footings of the theory of possible egos and the self-discrepancy theory ( Dornyei & A ; Ushioda, 2011 ) . Pulling on theoretical paradigms from both motivational psychological science and L2 motivational research, Dornyei ( 2005 ) ‘s L2 Motivational Self System theoretical account has three chief dimentions: the Ideal L2 ego, the Ought-to L2 ego, and the L2 Learning Experience. Rationale of this Essay: Self-regulation Theory in Relation to Motivation Despite the fact that there are many theories on motive in the context of SLA, self-regulation theory seems to outdo tantrum this essay. The self-regulatory attack allows for the combined survey of motive and strategic behavior, and of knowledge and affect, under a individual theoretical model. As supported by Ortege ( 2009: 211 ) who demonstrates a clear relevancy of self-regulation theory to SLA and single differences when â€Å" larning another linguistic communication poses a high-anxiety and complex challenge that demands cognitive every bit good as affectional self-regulation, and persons differ in their capacity to self-regulate. † There have been concerns about the clear-cut of LLS, as harmonizing to Dornyei ( 2005: 162 ) , there is a alteration of position that the LLS are â€Å" vastly equivocal phenomena and nil is distinct about them. † Furthermore, Dornyei ( 2005: 190 ) stated that research workers started to accept that analyzing the LLS was non of import every bit much as the fact that the ‘good ‘ scholars choose to set originative attempt in their ain acquisition and that they have the capacity to make so. Therefore, because of larning schemes examine the result of these forces, I decided to pull self-regulation theory which is looking at the initial drive forces. The L2 Motivational Self System besides does non suit in my context of depicting a short linguistic communication experience. It concerns more in footings of primary beginnings of the motive to larn another linguistic communication which are the Ideal L2 Self, Ought-to L2 Self, and L2 larning Experience. Review of Self-regulation Theory in Second Language Acquisition The get downing point of self-regulation theory is that human enterprises are ever purposive, knowing, effortful and voluntary ( Boekaerts et al. , 2006 ) . In the face of multiple ends and resulting environmental challenges, worlds are capable of accomplishing the terminals they choose to prosecute because they are able to self-regulate their behavior ( Ortega, 2009: 211 ) . In the context of SLA, L2 self-regulation is a procedure by which persons direct their attempts, ideas, and feelings toward the attainment of their personal ends, and self-regulation is neither a distinct mental ability nor an academic accomplishment ( Zimmerman, 2000 ) . In other words, self-regulation involves procedures, responses, and schemes that pupils initiate and regulate ( Zimmerman, 1986 ) to trip and prolong both their behavioural behavior and their cognitive and affectional operation ( Boekaerts, Pintrich, & A ; Zeidner, 2000 ; Zimmerman, 2001 ) . Self-regulation theory became the recent developments in the field of L2 single differences as there has been a demand to reconceptualize the ‘strategic behavior ‘ into a theory over the past decennaries. The two chief advocates for this impulse are Dornyei and Skehan ( 2003 ) who have pointed out that the L2 larning strategic behaviour should non be limited to O'Malley and Chamot ( 1990 ) ‘s taxonomy of ascertained heuristic and reported mental procedure or Oxford ( 1990 ) ‘s stock list of self-reported frequences of scheme usage. Then, in 2005, Dornyei pushed frontward the solution to speculating larning schemes and claimed self-regulation theory as a model for SLA research about strategic behavior during L2 acquisition. Self-regulation Schemes Dornyei has created a theoretical account of motivational schemes based on the psycholinguistic construct of selfaˆ?regulation which is intended to reaˆ?theorize linguistic communication larning schemes by analyzing strategic acquisition in the paradigm of selfaˆ?regulation ( see Dornyei, 2005 ; Tseng et al. , 2006 ) . This taxonomy of strategic acquisition is based in the model of motive control schemes ( Dornyei, 2001 ) and consists of five classs. Dornyei ( 2006 ) notes that his system was based on Kuhl ‘s ( 1987 ) and Corno and Kanfer ‘s ( 1993 ) taxonomy of action control schemes. The classs are defined below: 1. Commitment control schemes Commitment control schemes examine the pupils ‘ ability to put and make ends in their acquisition. It helps to continue or increase the learners'original end committedness. For illustration, pupils may maintain in head favorable outlooks or positive inducements and wagess, or pupils may concentrate on what would go on if the original purpose failed. 2. Metacognitive control schemes Metacognitive control schemes involve the monitoring and controlling of concentration, and the curtailing of any unneeded cunctation e.g. placing repeating distractions and developing defensive modus operandis, and concentrating on the first stairss to take when acquiring down to an activity. 3. Satiation control schemes Satiation control refers to pupils ‘ capacity to command ennui and dissatisfaction in a acquisition undertaking, and the ability to get by with these negative feelings ( Dornyei, 2005 ) . For illustration, pupils may add a turn to the undertaking or utilizing one ‘s phantasy to invigorate up the undertaking. These schemes can assist to extinguish ennui and add excess attractive force or involvement to the undertaking. 4. Emotion control schemes Emotional control schemes examine how scholars cope with emotionally charged feeling such as emphasis, depression and letdown that may impede their linguistic communication development. For illustration, pupils may utilize self-encouragement or utilizing relaxation and speculation techniques. 5. Environment control schemes Environmental control schemes refer to how a pupil controls their acquisition environment in order to ease survey. Learners with good environmental control are more cognizant of how their environment affects their acquisition and hold schemes to control these negative effects. For illustration, pupils may seek to extinguish distractions or inquiring friends to assist. Such activities will assist in extinguishing negative environmental influences and working positive environmental influences by doing the environment an ally in the chase of a hard end.Chapter FOURPERSIAN LANGUAGE LEARNING EXPERIENCE Learning Context Iranian Language Experience is portion of the Second Language Teaching and Learning faculty. The purpose of this linguistic communication experience is non chiefly for future usage but to represent, and do more existent, some of the issues connected with the linguistic communication instruction and acquisition with which the faculties trade. The teacher gives the grounds for taking this linguistic communication as follows: It is improbable that any of the faculty pupils has learned it before. It is an Indo-Europeaen linguistic communication, and so its grammatical classs, and some of its vocabulary, will be comparatively familiar to pupils. The class runs eight hebdomads, covering the first six lessons of the text edition. The pupils will larn in romanised written text non the Arabic book version as the intent is to larn a limited sum of colloquial Persian ( Farsi ) , with associated grammar and vocabulary. There will be a reappraisal session at the terminal of each two-lesson subdivision. ( See Appendix 1 for more inside informations ) The category consists of about 30 pupils from assorted nationalities, assorted with females and males, aged about from 20 to 25, and all the lessons are taught in English. The teacher is the native talker of the mark linguistic communication. I am a complete beginner-level scholar as I have no old cognition in Iranian linguistic communication or civilization. Though, I still show a great involvement in larning a new linguistic communication. I see this as a challenging undertaking, and I am extremely motivated by the idea of utilizing the linguistic communication as a mean of researching Iranian civilization and people. Iranian Language Learning Experience in Relation to Self-regulation Theory Personally, I aware that larning a 2nd linguistic communication is considered as a challenging undertaking which requires clip and attempt. As I am extremely motivated to utilize the linguistic communication non merely merely for the intent of the faculty, I developed my ain end to larn the linguistic communication every bit much as I could within the clip bound. In order to accomplish the end, maintaining my acquisition on path is really of import and the undermentioned schemes are how I regulate my Iranian linguistic communication acquisition in conformity to self-regulation theory: Commitment control schemes During the first two hebdomads, I was really interested to larn the linguistic communication when the teacher began to present the lesson with an easy to retrieve greeting phrase. I became more motivated to larn Iranian when the teacher presented about the tourer topographic points and the civilization. Hence, I made up my head that I have to take this as an chance to larn the linguistic communication every bit much as I could in order to go to the country in the hereafter. With this in my head, I committed myself to purchasing a Iranian text edition, so I would hold to to the full use the book and survey exhaustively throughout the class. Metacognitive control schemes After the consequence of the first quiz, I became cognizant that keeping my motive through civilization geographic expedition was deficient, and I needed to reexamine more grammar and vocabularies sporadically. In other words, I needed to construction my Iranian acquisition by puting frequent ends. To exemplify clearly, I set mini-goals for myself to finish one or two exercisings in the text edition per twenty-four hours. I besides had a specific end for each hebdomad that I must complete analyzing one chapter in the text edition before every Monday category. In the instance that there were other deadlines from other classs and I could non complete one chapter by weekend, I told myself to give a Sunday eventide to finish the chapter. These mini ends provided me an chance to reflect and supervise my ain advancement each hebdomad and helped supplying the motive to concentrate on my undertakings. Satiation control schemes During the class, I was ever looking for a new inspiration or a new motive in larning the linguistic communication. I enhanced my involvement by seeking about tourer topographic points or Iranian civilization online. I besides recorded my ain voice to get the better of ennui while larning new vocabularies or practising pronunciation. Emotion control schemes It was obvious that I experienced negative feelings such as anxiousness, defeat, and disheartenment after the consequence of the quiz. I avoided interacting with the teacher in the undermentioned lesson. However, I understood that I could non maintain avoiding the interactions, and it would be better if I had prepared for the lesson in front. I tried to acquire rid of negative feelings and cheered myself up by reminding myself about the existent purpose of the class, which is to indicate out some issues in the instruction and acquisition of a 2nd linguistic communication, and that the quiz grade was merely a manner to reflect on my L2 acquisition advancement. Environment control schemes As the Persian lesson runs merely one hr per hebdomad, larning in category would be deficient to accomplish my personnal end. to finish the book. Therefore, I tried to hold excess lessons and/or sought out extra beginnings of input and interactions. I look for a good environment that have easy entree to clip and topographic point to avoid cunctation such as the cyberspace ; I pattern Iranian pronunciation through YouTube pictures and analyze more about Iranian grammar and vocabulary through free lessons online. Self-evaluation Due to the fact that I needed to reflect on my day-to-day advancement in order to integrate received feedback on the prospective assignment, it helped me to supervise my advancement and detect my schemes whether the manner I self-regulate has been bettering my acquisition or non. In footings of committedness control schemes, I had a high sum of motive in the beginning that I wanted to larn every bit much as I could. I had a really high outlook of myself and even bought the text edition in hope to analyze farther the demand. Although, this might non be strong plenty to maintain myself commit to my end, in fact it kept me engaged in the undertakings for a short period. Part of this failure was due to the fact that I did non hold a definite agenda of my Iranian acquisition and that I was distracted by other topics. Another portion might due to high intrinsic motive, I was excessively ambitious to larn and did non analyze my ability exhaustively. However, even though my motive was dropped after the quiz, when I subsequently set up the mini ends for each hebdomad, my procedure of learn became more construction and prolong my motive throughout the hebdomad. In other words, these schemes help me minimising cunctation or distraction and maximising concentration and maintaining ends in focal point. This can be said that metacognitive control schemes are indispensable to develop a scholar liberty. As Wenden ( 2001: 62 ) demonstrates that â€Å" a acknowledgment of the map of metacognitive cognition in the self-regulation of larning should lend to a clearer apprehension of scholar liberty, particularly how it can be developed and enhanced. † Wenden ‘s findings on the function of metacognitive cognition in self-regulatory procedure besides corroborate Chamot and O'Malley ‘s ( 1994: 382 ) observation that â€Å" expressed metacognitive cognition about undertaking features and appropriate schemes for undertaking sol ution is a major clincher of linguistic communication larning effectivity † . In add-on to my repletion control schemes, the manner that I ever look for inspiration from different beginnings for my ain acquisition can maintain my larning on procedure. In my sentiment, this scheme should be a manner to increase my motive when I feel procrastinated or bored. However, I found myself passing excessively much clip shoping on the cyberspace about Iranian civilization and had less clip to reexamine the undertaking. I should be careful that it would non take up excessively much clip of my day-to-day Persian acquisition otherwise it would non be effectual. So, it seems that this scheme might non be helpful to me sometimes because I can utilize it as an alibi to stall. My emotion control schemes, peculiarly to my positive self-talk is besides mentioned in a survey by Bown ( 2009 ) that this technique helped scholars maintain position on their linguistic communication acquisition. It alleviated feelings of defeat or anxiousness. Bown divided that scholars used self-talk for two primary intents: ( a ) to remind themselves of their ain motive for larning the linguistic communication and ( B ) to promote themselves when they felt that they were non doing adequate advancement. The usage of this self-talk besides served to assist scholars maintain their outlooks of themselves realistic, as informed by their beliefs about linguistic communication acquisition. Learners would state themselves that errors are portion of acquisition or that it takes longer to larn Russian than other linguistic communications they may hold studied antecedently ( Bown, 2009 ) . Though it is true that the usage of this scheme became effectual when I had a low quiz grade, in my i nstance it must be combined with other schemes ( such as metacognitive control schemes ) at the same clip in order to wholly encouraging myself. I must hold a definite program ( the mini ends ) to back up my positive self-talk. For my environment control schemes, Wolters ( 1998 ) , mentioning research from Corno ( 1989, 1993 ) , Corno and Kanfer ( 1993 ) , and Kuhl ( 1984, 1992 ) , pinpoints a self-regulation technique I employed: ( 1 ) environmental control, for illustration â€Å" a pupil who†¦ decides to travel to a quiet topographic point conducive to analyzing ( 225 ) . † In my sentiment, the manner that I ever try to turn my environing environment into a learning environment for me makes me sometimes bask larning by myself instead than analyzing in the schoolroom. It helps me finish the mini end I set for myself in each twenty-four hours. In add-on, this can be supported by the survey from Bown ( 2009 ) . The findings suggested that effectual self-regulation depended on the scholars ‘ sense of themselves as agents in the acquisition procedure. Learners who recognized their function as writers of their ain acquisition transformed the acquisition environment to run into their single de mands ( Bown, 2009 ) .Chapter FIVECONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION It is believed that motive is indispensable in larning a 2nd linguistic communication as it can be a goaded force for the scholars to get down their 2nd linguistic communication acquistion and it can be a force that sustain the acquisition throughout the acquisition. However, motive, harmonizing to Dornyei and Ushioda ( 2011 ) , is a dynamic and complicate factor which concerns about the pick, continuity, and attempt of the scholars in modulating thier ain motive. From this, motive can be seen as a factor that correlative to the scholar behavior which can lend to the scholar liberty. There are many theories which were developed to analyze about motive in relation to L2 learner behavior and scheme usage. Self-government theory ( SDT ) is one of the theories that has a wide model for the survey of human motive and personality. It is concerned chiefly with intrinsic motive and the manner to which the person is self-motivated and self-determined.Language Learning Strategies ( LLS ) is another attack which examines the schemes that the good linguistic communication scholar employ. The L2 Motivational Self System is another recent attack in relation to L2 motive and the ego model. It concerns three ‘self ‘ dimensions: Ideal L2 Self, Ought-to L2 Self, L2 Learning Experience. Self-regulation refers to the grade to which persons are active participants in their ain acquisition. It is a more dynamic construct than larning scheme, foregrounding the scholars ‘ ain strategic attempts to pull off their ain accomplishment through specific beliefs and procedures ( Dornyei, 2005 ) . In the context in this essay, it is found that motive became a critical factors on how the scholar will take the schemes to modulate his/herself and maintain the acquisition procedure traveling in order to accomplish end of larning a 2nd linguistic communication. In other words, it can be argued that self-regulation of L2 acquisition is multidimensional, including cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, and behavioural procedures that scholars can use to heighten accomplishment. The deliberative, adaptative procedure of self-regulation enables scholars to manage undertakings efficaciously and prepares them to take duty for their acquisition ( Wenden, 2001 ) . In chapter 4, based on the Self-regulation theory, my Iranian Learning Experience has been evaluated in relation to motive. Harmonizing to the four self-regulation schemes I employed, it is found that I depend much or less on motive to modulate or command the four schemes. For case, motive became a important factor on how I use the metacognitive control schemes to alter the manner I learn the linguistic communication. While motive has been seldom concerned on how I chose the topographic point to analyze as in the environment control schemes. Nevertheless, I could non hold more that both motive and the four self-regulation schemes are the two indispensable factors that can non be overlooked in scholar liberty and the development in the procedure to heighten single acquisition in order to accomplish the end. Though the purpose of the Iranian Language Learning category was simply to see the issues that can be raised in L2 acquisition and instruction, the fact that the category is conducted merely one hr per hebdomad might non be plenty to actuate some scholars to prosecute during the lesson. In order to hold a more effectual category, the teacher could raise an consciousness of utilizing self-regulation schemes which I believe will be fruitful for the pupils themselves to hold an chance to supervise their acquisition advancement and develop their larning liberty in L2 acquisition. As Hurd ( 2008 ) emphasises, awareness-raising of self-regulation in L2 acquisition is every bit if non more of import in independent larning scene ( e.g. on-line environments and distance acquisition ) , where pupils lack the sort of social-affective support provided by regular interactions with other scholars and the instructor, and typically may be prosecuting in linguistic communication acquisition on top of full-time survey and personal committednesss.

Corruption and Brutality in Department of Corrections Dissertation

Corruption and Brutality in Department of Corrections - Dissertation Example Therefore, to develop strategies to effectively reduce the occurrence of corruption and brutality in corrections, more research is needed. As mentioned above, corruption in corrections may take many forms. For example, perjury is a form of corruption among corrections personnel. Perjury involves the untruthful testimony of corrections personnel regarding an incident or inmate, including falsifying reports or lying during questioning. Perjury is often associated with brutality, another form of corruption in corrections. Other types of corruption include using drugs or introducing them to a corrections facility, sexual acts involving inmates and corrections personnel, and the misuse of confidential information. Theories of Corruption A variety of theories attempt to explain why corruption exists in corrections. Corrections agencies often explain corruption as the act of a â€Å"rotten apple† or â€Å"rogue officer†. This explanation may reduce any angry response from the public; however, it is not a reasonable explanation for the occurrence of corruption in corrections. A more accurate explanation may be the theory of â€Å"occupational socialization†. According to this theory, corrections personnel are exposed to numerous and varied criminals which, by its very nature, can lead to misguided attempts of control and opportunities for improper conduct by corrections personnel. The â€Å"adrenaline factor† may also play an important role in corruption among corrections personnel. Loss of control and lack of good judgment lead to corruption under this theory. Another possibility is that a combination of factors can lead to corruption in corrections. More research is absolutely necessary in order to understand what causes corruption among corrections personnel and to develop effective strategies and techniques for reducing it. Brutality Corrections brutality has been defined as excessive force, name-calling, sarcasm, ridicule, and disrespec t. Other definitions have simply used a vague definition as â€Å"any violation of due process†. Excessive force definition is â€Å"excessive violence, to an extreme degree, which does not support a legitimate police function†. When an inmate charges brutality, they may be referring to a number of things. Corrections perjury and brutality go hand in hand, as officers who commit brutality will most likely lie on the stand to prevent the possibility of a lawsuit or departmental charges. The reasons why an officer might engage in this kind of conduct are many: a small percentage may have been attracted to corrections work for the opportunity to enjoy physically abusing and hurting somebody; an officer may come to believe â€Å"it’s a jungle in there†; and, an officer may be provoked and pushed beyond their mental endurance. The most common reason is occupational socialization and peer support. One common belief is that it’s necessary to come down har d on those who resist authority because they may kill the next officer who tries to discipline them so you have to â€Å"teach ‘em a lesson.† Criminal justice experts are divided over whether racial differences exist with respect to use of force, but more research is needed to explore this.

HIPAA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HIPAA - Research Paper Example In such a situation Congress realized the requirement of security and privacy standards for the healthcare industry in order to avoid any misuse or abuse of electronic technology (History of HIPAA, n.d). Hence HIPAA was introduced to promote health insurance coverage for both individuals and groups, ensure better security and privacy, promote the use of medical savings account, make long-term services more accessible, and to frame standards for better administration and safer use of electronic technology in the healthcare industry such as the implementation of the national provider identifier (Overview of HIPAA, 2008). The HIPAA was signed by President Clinton on July 21, 1996 in lieu of several security, privacy and abuse in the healthcare industry. HIPAA guaranteed health insurance to all Americans and ensured simplification of administrative process in healthcare in order to increase the effective delivery of healthcare to all people. Additionally the security and privacy of healt h information was also protected under the act (Security and Privacy, 2001). The use of electronic technology in healthcare had vastly expanded during the 1990s. ... These privacy and security rules apply to three groups of covered entities (CE): health care provider, health plan and healthcare clearinghouse. The healthcare provider group includes health care service providers and suppliers who use the electronic form for transactions and other health care information such as doctors, clinics, psychologists, dentists, chiropractors, nursing homes and pharmacies. The health plan group includes individuals or groups that provide and pay for health care plans such as health insurance companies, HMOs, company health plans, Medicare, Medicaid, military and other health programs offered by the government. The healthcare clearinghouses include both public and private entities that receive non-standard health information and convert them into a standard content or vice versa (Privacy and Security, n.d; Security and Privacy, 2001). The HIPAA standards will also indirectly apply to business associates or partners of a covered entity such as software provid ers and other third party vendors (Privacy and Security, n.d). The standards devised by the HIPAA for the transactions carried out in the electronic form need to the adhered to by the CEs (Security and Privacy, 2001). The HIPAA standards include transactions and code sets, privacy and security and national provider identifier. The entities that comply with the HIPAA standards are required to use the same health care transactions, code sets and identifiers. The HIPAA standards for electronic data interexchange (EDI) is applicable to claims and claim status, encounter information, payments and remittance, inquiries, referral certification and authorization, enrollment or disenrollment in a health care plan, premium payments,

Development and Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Development and Diversity - Essay Example According to Watson’s Behaviorism, behaviors can be measured, trained and changed. John B. Watson claims, â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take anyone at random and train him to become any specialist I might select†¦doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.† This idea of behaviorism was advanced further through the publication of Watson’s classic paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It (1913). Miller (1983) adds that behaviorism, or behavioral psychology is based on the argument that all behavior is acquired through conditioning which takes place through contact and interaction with the environment, and therefore, it is the responses to our environmental conditions that shape our behavior. Behavior is considered in a systematic and observable manner with no weight on internal mental states such as mood and emotions which are argued to be purely subjective. It takes only conditioning for any person to be trained to perform any function completely independent of things such as genetic background, personality or thoughts. There are two main types of conditioning in behaviorism. The first type is the classical conditioning which is a method of conditioning in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response then a previously neutral stimulus paired with a naturally occurring stimulus. It is seen that, in the end, the previously neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) elicits the response (conditioned response) in the absence of naturally occurring stimulus. The second type of conditioning called the operant conditioning or the instrumental conditioning takes place via rewards and punishments for behavior and therefore a relationship is drawn between a behavior and a consequence for that particular behavior. As

Left vs. Right brain and how it can impact learning Research Paper

Left vs. Right brain and how it can impact learning - Research Paper Example The right hemisphere can also perform mathematical estimations and comparisons to a limited level. Comprehension of visual imagery and interpretation of a voice tone are aspects performed by the right side of the brain. It is complex to tell how a person becomes right or left brained. Some people can be left or right handed, and that is alluded to the side of the brain is dominant. The brain assigns and balances functions to each side of its hemisphere. The portioning of tasks is done to ensure efficiency in the performance of the brain. The asymmetry of the brain is necessary in ensuring that there is no conflict in terms of performance and control. Left brained persons are known to be objective, analytical and logical. A right brained person is thoughtful, subjective, and intuitive. Psychologists note this to be lateralization of brain function. Each side of the brains plays a role. Nobel Prize winner, Rodger Sperry observed that incision of corpus collosum eliminates or reduces epileptic seizures. However, the patients experience other symptoms when the corpus collosum is cut. Such patients cannot name objects processed by either side of the brain (Fitgerald, 2010). Despite being lateralized, the two sides of the brain still work as a unit. Some analysts have also refuted claims that one side of the brain can be dominant than the other. Right brained persons are said to be more creative than their left side counterparts. It is believed that right-brained thinkers are very few. We can allude that they view things from a different perspective. That trait is what makes them creative. The left brained persons are objective but lack the natural creativity. Not that they are not creative at all, but they articulate it in a unique way (Duncan, 2009) Right brained people can learn much about abstract art. Abstract art has an element of disorganization and lack of order. It entails no boundaries and involves creativity. It is easy for

Africans in the Colonial Period & The Revolutionary Era Essay

Africans in the Colonial Period & The Revolutionary Era - Essay Example The Atlantic Slave Trade is defined as the selling of slaves that occurred within the countries located around the Atlantic Ocean. This was initiated by the people from Portugal and lasted for almost four hundred years. The slaves that were sold originated from Africa’s eastern and central part. These people from Africa was kidnapped and raided against the law. The slaves that were from Africa were estimated to be around ten to thirteen million throughout the time the Atlantic Slave Trade was happening. Since there was a large number of Africans being transported to the New World, most of the Africans label this as Maafa which also meant holocaust. The economic cycle which was comprised of Triangular Trade and Middle Passage also included the slaves. (Klein 103) Depending on which colony slaves lived in, the way they were treated and the work they performed varied. Slaves in southern colonies typically worked under harsh conditions, while slaves in the middle and New England colonies were fewer, had more freedom, and were treated more humanely. The New England Slave Trade was considered a success for it paved the way for the establishment of New England’s economic structure.

Measuring Business Performance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Measuring Business Performance - Coursework Example Kinney (2009) defines effectiveness is the state of doing the right things within and the limits that have been put, on the other hand efficiency is the state of doing things the right way. Effectiveness aims at outcome regardless of how resources are used while in efficiency focus on the process considering resource allocation. A good example is a company that deals with customer care services, if a worker achieves their daily target then they are effective. However, reaching targets does not mean all the calls successfully connected the customer. On the other hand, a worker may not reach the daily set targets but all his or her calls connect to customers, this is efficiency. 1. Efficiency and effectiveness enables a company saves resources and ensures maximum utilization of the same. When employees work efficiently, they utilize most of the resource with minimal or no wastage respectively. In doing so, the purposes for which the resources were intended for will are met. If efficiency is not there, some resources will be wasted meaning that new ones will have to be purchased thus affecting maximization of the resources. 2. Effectiveness and efficiency leads to expansion of a business. Through effectiveness company can meet targets and produce large volumes of quality goods per a given period of time. This means that the company will sell more goods per unit period. Increase in sales leads to purchase of new equipment that will demand space. The company will therefore expand so as to provide room for the equipment. 3. Efficiency and effectiveness increases profit margin of a company. When a company is efficient, it means that they are maximizing the use of the available resources. If effectiveness is applied, then the company will produce more commodities with minimum materials hence bringing up the profit margin of the company. Lyons (2013) note that in case of inflation, it is very hard to determine the performance of

Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security - Essay Example This is majorly done through passwords without strong authentication. Some of the major security concerns related to passwords include phising, reuse and the use of easy to guess passwords. Malware infection is also a major challenge to the use of passwords realized in many situations. In light of these challenges, authentication is therefore very critical and this can be achieved through two-step verification. Google has introduced a verification feature called 2sv. In using the verification, one logs into the Google account and after the normal username and password process they are required to submit a six digit verification which might be sent to them through a phone text message. This feature also allows for revocation of the trusted computers. The major strength of the paper lies in the fact that it vividly provides much lucid information on the kind of security threats realized on Google and how users should identify them. In the same way, it presents a solution to this challe nge while providing its benefits effectively. However, the paper does not provide clarity on the aspect of Service Accounts and Delegation. In addition, the paper is weak on the aspect of Service –Side technology especially in relation to certificate transparency. 2) The credit card fraud seen in the notice is a typical example of a cybercrime. Conventionally, cybercrime takes many forms and many of these criminals seek ways and means of illegally obtaining money online. Considering that credit cards are normally used online in making payments, they are certainly vulnerable to cyber criminals. As seen in the case, many of the criminals usually create a series of false identities through which they create several credit cards. Such credit cards are the pumped up with money from credit bureaus. Others create sham companies which are then used to provide the credit bureaus with false information on the credit worthiness of the credit card owners who are actually false identities . The fraudsters also use a tradelines which are black market businesses used in committing fraud. It is therefore realized that the credit card fraud seen in the notice is indeed an aspect of cybercrime. On the other hand, the nature of the frauds as realized in the case might raise several questions on the aspect of general security and not just cyber security. It is seen that it was not only the virtual world that mattered in the commission of the crime but even real organizations which were not much protected from such scams. The case can therefore be viewed as a typical case of bank fraud as opposed to cybercrime. More importantly, the case can be viewed on the perspective of credit card security and can therefore be addressed by increased security from the credit card providers. 3) The Identity Ecosystem as postulated in the report is a kind of online environment where organizations and individuals will work together on trust and follow a set of agreed-upon standards. Each of these parties will be able to authenticate and identify their digital identities. This Ecosystem is basically intended to offer stronger identification while protecting the identity of the parties within. Indeed, it is important to note that such an environment might be a challenge to realize in the actual sense. Considering that it basically relies on trust between the organizations and the individuals, it is almost difficult for every party to follow the

Economic Releases and Resulting Market Reactions Research Paper

Economic Releases and Resulting Market Reactions - Research Paper Example The US Economy created 113,000 jobs with unemployment rate dipping to a low of 6.6%. Despite more people gaining employment, decline in hiring rates raised concerns of a slower growth. Rather than the economy taking off, it stumbled. Federal Reserve’s much-anticipated announcement a decision to start scaling back, the monthly asset purchases in January encountered a relatively mute market reaction not just in the US but across the globe. Although US equity markets at first fell on news, markets rallied strongly for remaining part of the month coupled with economic activity improvements as well as reassurance from central bank that its major interest rate would most likely remain near zero until after unemployment in the US fell below 6.5%.Hourly wages increased by 5 cents. As a result of the changes, job changes were recorded with job growth being constrained by sharp decline in public sector. Federal government shed off more than 12,000 jobs, while states and municipalities shed off 17,000 workers. Healthcare increased only 1500 jobs. Consumer spending: consumer spending declined for a 2nd straight month signaling a slowdown in the economy. Retail sales declined 0.4% in January marking the largest drop in the last ten months. The slowing economic fortunes are likely to see further reduction in consumer spending. The Manufacturing sector experienced expansion as shown in PMI, 51.3% although this was drop by 5.2% compared to seasonally adjusted rate of 56.5% in December. However, the reading being more than 50% indicates expansion of the manufacturing sector. The number of unemployed people (10.2 million) as well as the unemployment rate (6.6 %) recorded little change in January. This is a continuous trend from October which has seen joblessness rates reducing by 0.6%. Of the major work groups 20.7% of the unemployed are teenagers, 5.7% are whites, 6.2% are adult men, 12.1% are blacks, 5.9%

Medmira Case Essay Example for Free

Medmira Case Essay MedMira Case Course: Marketing Planning What changes in the environment made it possible to consider the launch of an OTC Aids Test? Be specific. MedMira is known by developing and manufacturing quality diagnostics to prevent and control the spread of infectious diseases. All tests used a flow-through membrane technology and were fast and easy to use. Medmira was distributing rapid HIV tests in Canada, United States, South Africa, Latin America and China, and selling them to hospitals, pharmacies and aid groups. One of the focuses of MedMira was to expand to Over-the-Counter market as there happened some changes that made it possible to consider this attempt: New infections were happening and about 3.1 million people were dying from HIV. This adds a higher preoccupation to the government and specialists on the health sector and pressure to arrange a solution. During the 80’s, there were few available treatment and when people knew they had the virus they would see it as a death sentence. Nowadays this idea is disappearing as technology is more advanced, it is a â€Å"more manageable illness† and there is an increase of information available about HIV. Due to legal approval of the tests, MedMira was able to distribute rapid HIV tests in Canada, United States, China and European Union. This is a step closer of entering the OTC market. Rapid testing was expected to grow between 20 to 30 per cent of the market. This expected growth was also related to a higher approval by governments as there were changes in the society acceptance and technological improvements on this area. Comparison factor as Medmira’s first rapid HIV test for OTC, Miracare, had a big success in China and this could happen in the rest of the world. Due to this accomplishment, international demand for this product has increased. Prepare a SWOT analysis for MedMira Aids Test. The following SWOT analysis contains the most significant and strategically important internal and external conditions that MedMira faces. The Internal is divided into strengths and weakness and the external is divided into opportunities and threats: Internal Strengths: -HIV test market leader -Easy use Weakness: -Ethical concerns -Cannibalization of revealing G2 External Opportunities: -Partnership with HA -Open door for testing other diseases -Growing rapid test market Threats: -Ethical concerns -Possible partnership of HA with competitors -Entry costs MedMira has some internal strengths by being a HIV test market leader, specially selling to hospitals, and suitable for at-home use. The Aids test is also easier to use and faster on getting the results relative to the competition, result of this was a higher international recognition. Relative to weakness aspects, there are some ethical concerns such as the possibility of testing without another person’s authorization that is a negative aspect. Apart from this, in case MedMira is able to enter the OTC market, there is a possibility of cannibalizing the sales of Reveal G2 to laboratories and hospitals, as the products would be considered as â€Å"substitutes† as they practically have the same objective. One of the opportunities is the partnership with Home Access and develop a revised  version of HA’s Consumer Advocate System. This partnership would eliminate the ethical concerns MedMira couldn’t address and would also help to remain competitiveness, build a barrier to entry of other firms on the phone support system and reduce courier costs. Another opportunity is if MedMira could enter the OTC market, it would be an open door for rapid tests of other infectious diseases that are worth millions. For last, the development of the rapid test market is a favorable trend to higher sales and profits, which is seen as a good opportunity. If Home Access, which possesses a patent on phone support system, joins with one of the competitors, MedMira will eventually lose competitiveness with this partnership, being one of the main threats. For last, entry costs on the OTC market are high and it is not clear if the company could afford the expansion at this moment. To conclude this analysis, the partnership would have a positive impact in the society. Because if consumers are able to buy rapid tests, this could prompt people to be tested earlier in a faster, easier and more accessible way, which would reduce the instances of transmission.

Counter-measures to the Bullwhip Effect

Counter-measures to the Bullwhip Effect Bullwhip Effect which is Supply Chain Demand Amplification caused due to distorted information moving from one end of a supply chain to the other causing tremendous inefficiencies. Companies can successfully counteract the bullwhip effect by thoroughly understanding its causes and effects. Several industry leaders are implementing innovative strategies that create new challenges such as integration of new information systems, definition of new organizational relationships, and implementation of new incentive and measurement systems. Various initiatives and remedies based on the underlying coordination mechanism, namely, information gathering and sharing, channel positioning, and operational efficiency can oppose the very effects. Through information sharing, demand information at a downstream site is transmitted upstream in a timely fashion. Channel positioning is the coordination of pricing, transportation, inventory planning, and ownership between the upstream and downstream sites in a supply chain. Operational efficiency refers to activities that improve performance, such as reduced costs and lead-time. Supply Chain strategies to counter measure Bullwhip Effect Following are few Supply Chain strategies employed to reduce or tame the Bullwhip effect and to improve business performance. Avoidance of Multiple Demand Forecast Updates Members of a supply chain conducts forecasting in association with its planning based demand input from their immediate downstream member in producing their own forecasts. Demand input from the immediate downstream member, results from that members forecasting, whose input is from its own downstream member. Solution to the recurring processing of consumption data in a supply chain is to make demand data at a downstream position available to the upstream site allowing both sites can update their forecasts with the same raw data in the current computerized scenario, manufacturers request sell-through data on withdrawn stocks from their resellers central repository warehouse. Although the data are not as absolute as point-of-sale data from the resellers stores, it offers considerably more information than was available when manufacturers didnt know what happened after shipping of their products. Electronic Data Interchange: Supply chain partners can use electronic data interchange (EDI) to distribute data. In the consumer industry, around 20 percent of orders placed by retailers of consumer products were transmitted via EDI in early 1990s.Now its grown to around 80%. The EDI basically facilitates information transmission and sharing among chain members. In the consumer products industry, this practice is known as Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) or a continuous replenishment program (CRP). Several companies such as PG, Campbell Soup, MM/Mars, Apple, Nestle, Quaker Oats, and Scott Paper uses CRP many of their customers. PG employs VMI in its diaper supply chain, starting with its important supplier, 3M, and their customers- Wal-mart. Apple Computer has a consumer direct program, i.e., it sells directly to consumers without involving the reseller and distribution channel. An advantage of the program is that it allows Apple to spot the demand patterns for all its products. Dell Computers is another company which sells its products directly to customers. Just-In-Time Replenishment: Long resupply lead times can aggravate the bullwhip effect. Improvements in operational efficiency can help reduce the highly variable demand due to multiple forecast updates. Hence, just-in-time replenishment is an effective way to mitigate the effect. Break Bulk Orders Order batching contributes to the bullwhip effect therefore companies need to devise strategies that lead to smaller batches or more frequent resupply. Electronic data interchange [EDI] can reduce the cost of the paperwork in generating an order. PG has introduced standardized ordering terms across all business units to simplify the process and dramatically cut the number of invoices. General Electric is electronically coordinating buyers and suppliers throughout the company. Nabisco perform computer-assisted ordering, paperless, thereby customers order more frequently. Assortments of different products: Another reason for large order batches is the cost of transportation. To tackle this cost, some manufacturers encourage their distributors to order assortments of different products. Hence a truckload may contain different products from the same manufacturer as an alternative of a full load of the same product. Thus for each product, the order frequency is much higher, the frequency of deliveries to the distributors remains unaffected, and the transportation effectiveness is preserved. PG has given discounts to distributors who are willing to order mixed-SKU (stock-keeping unit) lots of its products. Composite distribution for fresh and chilled food uses the mixed-SKU idea to make resupply more regular. Since fresh produce need to be stored at different temperatures, trucks to transport them need to have a variety of temperatures. Third-party logistics: The use of third-party logistics companies also helps make small lot replenishments economical. They give room for economies of scale that was not feasible in a single supplier-customer relationship. By consolidating loads from several suppliers located close by, a company can realize full truckload economies even without having the batches coming from the same supplier. PG coordinates regular delivery arrangements with its customers. Hence, it distributes the replenishments to all the several retailers evenly over a week. Stabilize Price Variations Reduction of both the frequency and the level of wholesale price discounting can control bullwhip effect caused by forward buying and diversions. The manufacturer can reduce the incentives for retail forward buying by establishing a uniform wholesale pricing policy. Everyday Low Price (EDLP): Retailers and distributors can aggressively negotiate with their suppliers to give them everyday low cost (EDLC). PG, Kraft, and Pillsbury have moved to an everyday low price (EDLP) or value pricing strategy. PG reported its highest profit margins in twenty-one years and showed increases in market share in early 1990s. Activity-based costing (ABC) systems facilitate companies to recognize the unnecessary costs of forward buying and diversions. When companies run provincial promotions, some retailers buy in bulk in the area where these promotions are held, then divert the products to other regions for utilization. ABC systems provide explicit accounting of the storage, individual handling, costs of inventory, transportation, and so on that previously were hidden and often outweigh the profit of promotions. Eliminate Gaming in Shortage The sharing of capacity and inventory information helps to lessen customers anxiety and, consequently, lessen their need to employ in gaming. Times when a supplier faces a shortage, instead of assigning products based on orders, it can assign in proportion to past sales records. Customers have no incentive to overstate their orders. General Motors has long used this method of allotment in cases of short supply. Sharing capacity information is insufficient when there is a genuine shortage. Few manufacturers work with consumers to place orders well in advance of the sales time. Thus adjust production capability or scheduling with improved knowledge of product demand. Counter measure to Generous return policies Generous return policies that manufacturers offer retailers heighten gaming. Without a penalty, retailers will continue to overstate their needs and cancel orders. Few computer manufacturers are starting to enforce more stern cancellation policies. Eliminate incentives for customers and distributors On eliminating these incentives, it can prevent demand accumulation and order staging. Minimizing incentivized promotions will cause the customers to delay orders and there by smoother ordering patterns. We need to understand the product demands at each stage of the supply chain. Basically increase the collaboration through shared demand information as discussed above. This shall ensure there are no information queues leading to information flow delays. A Methodological approach to solving the bullwhip problem The principal decision lies in whether to study the bullwhip problem in discrete or continuous time system. In discrete time [using Laplace transform and differential delay], the various system states [demand rates, inventory and WIP levels] and replenishment orders are placed at the equally spaced moments of time. In between these moments of time, no information about the system is known. In continuous time [using z transform] the systems states are monitored at all the moments of time and the rate of order is continuously adjusted. Neither of the representations of time is incorrect. Just that one representation of time may be more suitable for a given situation than the other. Consider for example, in a grocery supply chain, supermarkets total up demand that has occurred during the day, a replenishment order is prepared and the delivery is dispatched from the distribution centre overnight. This scenario is especially suitable for a discrete time analysis. On the other hand, a petrochemical plant might be able to constantly adjust its production of different grades of product to mirror the current demand rates for each grade. This type of scenario is more agreeable and suitable to a continuous analysis. Finally we can conclude that the bullwhip effect results from rational decision making by members within the supply chain. Companies can effectively counteract the consequence by thoroughly considering its underlying causes. Thus the companies can either let the bullwhip effect paralyze them or discover a way to conquer it and play it to their advantage.

Gender Role Limitations in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane

Gender Role Limitations in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre The nineteenth century Victorian era woman needed wealth or position to avoid a life of drudgery.   Women were viewed as trophies or possessions men owned.   They were not permitted to develop nor expected to, and even venturing out on their own was considered inappropriate.   During the era in which Jane Eyre was published the home and family were seen as the basic unit of stability in society.   At the middle of this foundation stood a wife and mother representing the sum total of all morality - a Madonna-like image.   This image was reinforced by social institutions such as mainstream religious and political beliefs.   Women were steered away from independence, confidence, and self-fulfillment and steered toward an existence of submission, dependence, and ignorance.   They were expected to be beautiful and silent.   This is why the titular heroine of Bronte's novel caused such controversy when Jane Eyre was published.   Jane is plain and very intelligent.   She is in addition intelligent, self-confident, strong-willed and she exhibits a moral conscience.   Jane is atypical of women of her era in that she trusts in her own decision-making abilities and, furthermore, unlike most women of the era has the freedom to make them. To get ahead as a woman in Jane's era, one had to have wealth, position, family or friends.   Jane, an orphan, has none of these.   Her family and friends only serve as reminders of what she does not have.   They view her o... ...ronte 133).   In this manner we see why Jane Eyre caused such controversy upon publication.   It is basically Bronte's criticism of Victorian society with respect to its oppression and perspective of women.   Bronte understood to adopt such limitations was certain death, at best an unendurable hell for a woman of intelligence and passion.   As such, her heroine must endure hell to discover the route to personal fulfillment and freedom.   As she does so, she sets a new definition of what women are capable.   This is why the novel and its heroine were so shocking to Victorian audiences who considered women pretty objects to admire more than human beings in their own right. WORKS   CITED Bronte, Charlotte.   Jane Eyre.   New York: Bantam Books, 1981.

Holocaust Essay -- History Genocide Nazi Germany Jews Essays

Holocaust Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What, when, where, and why was the Holocaust? The Holocaust was first called a religious rite in which an offer that gave to some one was burned in a fire. The current definition of holocaust is any widespread human massacre. When it is written Holocaust, it means when Nazi Germany completely destroyed the Jewish. The Holocaust was during the period of January 30, 1933 to May 8, 1945. Hitler became Germany’s chancellor when it first started and the war ended on the last day of the Holocaust, or known as V-E Day. During that time frame, Jews in Europe were killed in the worst way possibly and led to the death of 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000 communities destroyed. 1.5 million of those Jews killed were children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Germany’s lost in World War I, they were embarrassed by the Versailles Treaty, which lowered its prewar territory and armed forces. The German Empire demolished, a new government of parliament called the Weimar Republic was born. The republic suffered from economic instability, which grew worse when the great depression was happening. The great depression was when the stock market crashed in New York in 1929.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adolf Hitler became leader of the Nazi(National Socialist German Workers Party) on January 30, 1933. He was named chancellor by president Paul von Hidenburg after the Nazi won a election by the majority of the votes in 1932. Propaganda: â€Å"The Jews Are Our Misfortune†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nazi newspaper, Der Sturmer (The Attacker), was a major tool in the Nazi’s propaganda assault. The paper said, â€Å"The Jews are our misfortune†, in bold print, on the bottom of the front page of each issue. In the Der Sturmer, the Jews were regularly drawn as hooked-nosed and ape-like cartoons. By 1938, about a half a million copies were sold weekly because the influence of the paper was far reaching.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A little after Hitler became chancellor, he called for a new election for a effort to gain complete control of the Reicstag. Reicstag was a German parliament for the Nazi. The Nazi used the government to mess with the other parties. They banned their political meetings and arrested their leaders. The Reichstag building burned down February 27, 1933 during the middle of the election campaign. Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutchman, was arrested for burning the building and he swore he di... ... were able to hide nearly 7,200 Jews and transported them to safety in neutral Sweden. A young Swedish diplomat named Raoul Wallenberg, saved 1000,000 Hungarian Jews by issuing them passports so they would not be deported. A German factory owner, Oscar Schindler, saved his Jewish slave laborers by getting them from transports to the concentration camps. He kept them and fed them until the war was over. Some of the righteous gentiles saved the Jewish children by taking and raising them as their own. Liberation and the End of the War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gradually the camps were liberated, as the Allies advanced on the German Army. As the war ended, between 50,000 and 100,00 Jewish survivors were living in three areas of occupation: British, American, and Soviet. That figure grew to 200,000 within a year. The American occupation had more than 90 percent of the Jewish displaced persons. The Jewish displaced persons could not return to their homes, this brought back horrible memories and fear of danger from anti-Semitic neighbors. Until emigration could be arranged to Palestine, and later Israel, United States, South America, and other countries the displaced Jews remained in camps.

Treaty Of Versailles is Justified Essays -- World War I 1 WWI WW1

Treaty of Versailles World War I was ultimately ended in 1918 after the Treaty of Versailles was signed. Peace settlements were signed on June 28, 1918 at the Hall of Mirror in Versailles, Paris. The Treaty was an agreement among the United States, Great Britain, and France. Woodrow Wilson, George Clemenceau, and David Lloyd, who represented the "Big Three" countries, collaborated in negotiating the Treaty. The Treaty of Versailles was designed to weaken Germany and give Germany full blame for causing the war. The Treaty implemented massive reparations to Germany which would obliterate Germany's economy, notwithstanding the millions of dead allied soldiers. The settlement strictly limited the German's military. Germans were additionally forced to depart from their homes in Russia, Poland, and Alsace-Lorraine and return to Germany or Austria. Furthermore Germany had to give back any land belonging to other countries. With no alternative, Germany signed the peace settlements. The Treaty of Versailles was undoubtedly justified, Germany was positively the main instigator of the war and its excessive brutality of fighting provoked the war more particularly. Thus, making the amends to Germany was rational because of all the destruction Germany had triggered. The Treaty of Versailles was fair to Germany because, the primary starter of the war was Germany. Several factors ?conflicts with Serbia- Germany declared wars-invasion of Belgium-Germanys attacking plans, all led to the justification of T of V which proved it was fair. Following the assassination of Archduke Francis, of Austria-Hungry. Germany gave Austria a ?blank check in other terms, an assurance of support no matter the costs. This simple action ties to one factor ... ...the provisions weren?t harsh enough.? Yet some might argue that, ? ..severe as the treaty seemed to be it should be remembered that Germany might easily have forced much more worse, if Clemenceau?s had his way.? However through all the excessive damaged Germans have caused throughout the WWI, to treaty is justifiable. Indisputably the Treaty of Versailles is justified through all the motives that Germany had. The treaty provisions all tie to the start of the new war, World War II. The treaty helped create a cruel regime in Germany and eventually the start of the Nazi party. One fascist leader Adolph Hitler , portrayed such regime. He didn?t want to accept any of the revisions and started to fortify Germany, and went against some T of V provisions, he sent troops to into the Rhineland. Short time after Hitler invaded Poland, which eventually started WWII.

How did you spend the Kadayawan Festival?

Kadyawan is a festival celebrated by Dabawenyos each year in the month of August. It is celebrated to thank our creator for the good harvest and blessing. There are lots of events, tourist from around the globe, TV Icons visiting and having Mall Shows, Sale and many marked down prices on almost all items in the Malls, Sporting events namely Motocross, Fun runs, marathons and many more. There is also street dance and float parade where each participants showcase the culture and creativity of Dabawenyos and many spectators enjoy the colourful costumes and designs.I spent the Kadayawan Festival with friends, classmate and family. On the first day of the festival me and my Classmates in English 102 namely Erix, Princess and her friend Jela went to a KTV near People’s Park. We sang, danced, and stuffed ourselves with delicious food and snacks. Even if we don’t hit the right pitch of the song we still had fun laughing at ourselves. We had so much fun starting at 4 o’cl ock in the afternoon up to 8 o’clock in the evening. After the KTV we went separate ways and my friend and I went to Gaisano Mall and had our dinner at Pizza Hut then went home.On the second day, my friend and I went to Crocodile Park and watch the motocross. It was my first time to see it in person and I was so amazed to see the stunts like floating in the mid air. I was also impressed to see kids driving side by side with professional motocross racers. After watching motocross we to a restaurant and had some Pancit for snack then went to Nccc Mall. I bought some toys and books for my son. It was so crowded in the Mall because Enrique Gil was there but I was not able to see even just a glimpse of him.Then me and my friend went to Jade by the sea at Times Beach where we had our dinner and sang again in a KTV room. I went home past 10 o’clock in the evening. On the third day, Sunday, My Family went to church. I thank God for the protection and for all the blessings He h ad given me and for the good health especially during the celebration of the Kadayawan. Even if there are bomb threats and the City is on Red Alert, I would say that God shielded my friends, family, love ones and all who Dabawenyos from any harm. I never stop thanking him for everything.Before, I don’t usually enjoy Kadayawan because I only watched it on TV but this time that I had experienced the fun that I’d missed for all those years. But this time, next year I would make sure that in every celebration I will be there to have fun and see the different presentations of our culture. Three days of enjoying was not enough for me but it was still worth it. I would also like to thank our City Mayor for a well organized Festival and especially for keeping the City safe from terrorist attack. I am so lucky to be born in Davao and I am very proud to be called a Dabawenyo.

The Lost Thing

THELOSTTHING Shaun burn TeachersNotes ByNancyMortimer circumscribe Introduction Langu geezerhoodandLiteracy VisualLiteracy excogitateandLayout DiscussionPoints The lost thingShaun topaz Teachers hap2009varlet1of8 www. hachettechildrens. com. au intro TheLostThingisthefirst scenery bindthatShaun burnhasboth penandillustrated,andthe resultisawonderful,warm, bombinateorous pointthat allowbereadandenjoyedbyawiderangeof ages. at that placeissomuchtopore all overandponderinthisbookthatitwillbeawel practise supplementto theresourcesthatteachershavetodrawon.Thestoryisanage? oldandfamiliarlost get behindstorytoldbytheboyand turn totothe contributor. Itisamatter? of? factanecdote, fullyofinterestandcompassion,buttheaccompanying illustrations sacrificeTheLostThingextremelychallenging. Thecollocationoftextanddrawings even upabookthatisboththought? provokingand alterwithfoodforthought. TheLostThing coffin nailbeusedinthe schoolroomfrommiddleprimaryright withtoupper secondaryanda gre atdealcanbegainedbythosewhoreadit. TheLostThingShaunTan TeachersGuide2009 page2of8 www. achettechildrens. com. au dustupANDLITERACY The wranglethestoryiswritteninissimpleandostensiblystraightforward, moreover ShaunTanisconstantlychallengingthereaderwithhisunexpecteduseofwordsand concepts typefaceatthemeaningoftheword supernaturalforinstanceandthesummaryofthe thingItwas ratherfri shuttinglythough,onceIstartedtalkingtoitwhendepictedonthepage isahuge,indefinable,outlandishcreature. The cashiertellsthestoryinafamiliarWhatIdidintheholidaysmode. QuestionWhatistheeffectofthissimplelanguageandminimaltext?QuestionWhatwasarealdilemmaforthenarrator? (Page16) badinage Satireinliteratureholdsthe reflectupforustolookatoursociety,ourfoiblesand ourselves. viewattheplaceof jeeringinTheLostThing. Metaphor consideratTheLostThingasbeingametaphorand thereforehavingdifferentmeaningsfromwhat appearsonthesurface. Discussthiswiththeclass. Understatement pictureattheplaceunderstatementplaysinTheLostThi ng. Opening Look dampenicularlyatthebeginningofthestoryandcomment. TheLostThingShaunTan TeachersGuide2009Page3of8 www. achettechildrens. com. au Ending Whatistheimpactattheendofthestory? Whatdoyouthinkhashappenedtothenarrator? Characters Doacharacter testofthenarrator,outliningwhatheislikeandwhatheenjoysdoing. What otherwisecharactersareinthestory? Whatpartdotheyplay? ActivityLookatthelostthingitself,andmakealistofwords,whichdescribeit. wag Whatmakesthestoryhumorous? Wheredoesthe mental capacitycomefrom? Discusswiththe classdifferentsortsofhumourandlookattheingredientsthatcomprisehum

Public Health P1. P2

semipublic wellness Unit 12 Petra P1 Public health is the lore and art of preventing disease, prolonging lifetime and promoting health through the unionized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, humankind and private, communities and individuals (1920, C. E. A. Winslow). This therefore infers semipublic health is the preventing and controlling of disease at bottom communities, to prolong life and promote health through organised society.The keys aspects of public health -Monitoring the overall health status of the population, this involves the enter of any changes of health in the population and on the qui vive people to potential risks, for utilisation the higher levels of roll of tobacco within a population. -Identifying the health take ons within a population, which involves establishing patterns and trends of health problems within to identify implications serve up users whitenedthorn be at risk of, for example in relation to smoking, assess ing the wantly increase in need for cancer financial support function. Developing programmes to edit out the risk and screening for diseases earlier on, which refers to the attempts of reducing the levels of seriouslyness, by introducing naked programmes which inform people that they are at risk of certain conditions and aiding them into trying out new preventative programmes? For example if a doctor identifies soulfulness at risk from cancer due to smoking, they may enrol them on a programme to stand by stop smoking, or even provide them with medical specialty to stop them smoking. -Controlling of communic open disease.This is the reduction of the impact of septic disease, through immunisation and other control methods. For example, vaccinations against measles, mumps and rubella, it may besides include food hygiene in restaurants and other food suppliers preventing food poisoning. wellness promotion to the population. This can be done by events and activities which re duce health implications. For example, for people suffering with fleshiness, it may involve campaigns to encourage people to be more(prenominal) active and eat a better diet, like the 5 a day campaign. Planning and evaluating the render of health and social care, which involves assessing health services and whether or not they are having enough impact on the initial problem, for example in the case of obesity, it may involve the question of, can local services meet the demand of weight management advice, or are the services being successful in processing people to reduce their weight and make it that change. P2 Public health has grown and improved since its presentation in the nineteenth century.It was created from the Poor faithfulness organisation and the Victorian sanitary reform movement. The Poor Law was in place, to ensure people of the lower workings discipline( s sick-abedy people) were being housed properly, whether it were in workhouses or their own homes, it t oo ensured they were appropriately clothed and fed a adapted amount of food. In a lot of workhouses, children were also schoo direct a little, and in return for this treatment, the working class would be obliged to work for several hours a day.During industrialisation and the fast growth in cities, standards began to fall, which led to many an(prenominal) concerns involving poor housing, dirty piddle supplies and oxygenate pollution bad air and the immense impacts this had on the health of the work population all together. Origins of the public health policy in the UK from the 19th ampere-second to present day The nineteenth century- The rootage national Public Health Act 1848 This was created and piece into place, due to a man known as Edwin Chadwick. He was an active campaigner on many public health issues, such as the poor working/housing conditions and the sanitary reform.His communicate in 1842 included a massive amount of endorse supporting the link between environme nt, poverty and ill health. He recommended that each local authority necessitate an expert medical and civil engineering advice, to deal all sanitary matters. It took six years until the Public Health act was passed and the outgrowth Board of health was established. jakes Snow and the all-inclusive Street ticker John Snow was a man whom believed that the water system pollution was the of import cause of ill health within the population of London in the 19th Century. He linked the common illness cholera to people whom drank from the wells.He observed those getting ill and which areas and pumps they drank from and record it on a map, he was then able to establish all those getting ill were in fact drinking from the same pump, and consequently in 1854 John Snow removed the handle of the Broad Street pump and ceased the epidemic of Cholera in Soho, London John Simon and the 1866 Sanitary Act John Simon was professionally a physician, but he became known for him dramatic reforms o f the public health system. He was the first medical officer in the UKs commutation giving medication, and he influenced public health by improve public vaccination systems.He also was the founder of the water supply cleaner and made sewers more effective. The ordinal century The Beveridge paper 1942 William Beveridge was a man whom was asked by government to write a report on the best and most effective ways to help those on low incomes. This was later the Second humanness War when people felt they needed rewarding, which the government responded to by promising to create a more equal society. In Beveridges report in December 1942, he proposed that all people of a working age should contribute, which would benefit people who were sick, unemployed, retired, or widowed.The areaal Health Service (NHS) The NHS was created on the tolerate of the Beveridge report. This allowed free care to those who could not afford it. It provided hospital services, primary care (doctors- famil y clinics) and community services such as health visitors, midwives, ambulance services and many more. Acheson Report into inequalities in health 1998 He comprised a report that pointed out 39 recommendations and highlighted 3 crucial areas of which would need concentrating on, which are 1) all policies that are likely to fuddle impact on health should be evaluated in terms of their impact on health inequality. ) precedence to the health of families with children. 3) Further steps should be taken to reduce the income inequalities and improve the standards of poor households. Our Healthier Nation 1999 This scheme was released by the labour government after their election in 1997, it has very clear cogitate with the Acheson report and attempted to tackle the root causes of ill health such as pollution, unemployment, low wages, criminal offence and poor housing.Choosing Health Making Healthy Choices Easier 2004 This white paper acknowledged the changing nature in society, and an increased emphasis on health and well-being. The strategy had three key underpinning principles informal choice, personalization and working together. Its main priorities were to reduce the number of people who smoke, reduce obesity and improve diet and nutrition, increase exercise, encourage support of sensible drinking and the improvement of overall intimate health.

Frederick Douglass and Richard Wright Essay

in that location ar slightly similarities and contrasts among the two talented antecedents, whatso perpetually so of these atomic number 18 recondite within, to a greater extent or less hurt out. The master(prenominal) focalize is non save to empathize the differences and similarities of the two, and as well the qualities and characteristics of these printrs incorporate of. e genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) beginning displays qualities that deck their identity. It is all striking(p) that we, as exacters, guess the roots exalt and noetic voice communication that introduce who they be on the removed and the inside. I view the authors plant d proclaim affinity and difference to each some other in umteen right smarts. Family, need to examine, and the path they introduce muckle, ar some of these ways. twain Douglass and Wright fork over the mutinous hearten to cop with their puzzles, it do it vo iceless for them to fall upon headway. at that engineer argon mevery an(prenominal) exercises of this struggle. cardinal and unless(a) framework would be when Mrs. old had to manpowerstruation program line minuscule Frederick how to prove and write. As he resiles, The al to the highest degree provoke give way of my animation hither was breeding to involve and write, below around mark di no-accountvantages (Douglass 458). This manoeuvres how Frederick in actuality love schooling he had a gigantic heat for it. When Mrs. auld had to encounter it on to an end from training method Frederick, it put matters into his admit hands. He struggles prevalent honorable now to conduct practice and theme lessons. He aftermathually has to allowance a acquire allowance to the boyish blanched children in his vicinity for a lesson. This nonwithstandingt do time punishing for Frederick. large-minded up prop is the only social function he co uld do to recuperate his lead. It is sad because the soil Mrs. old had to pause from tenet Ric delicate was because of her maintain.He didnt adore of break wholenesss backs to grow. thralldom in ordinary plays an outstanding fictitious character in Fredericks emotional state superstar conclude is because it was against the police force of nature for slaves to need. This make it real fleshy for Frederick to project how to read and write, he would be compel to pay off his information secretively. If Fredericks encyclopedism were to ever be detect by the public, penalisation would eat place and peradventure root in death. Although ad quick-wittedation wasnt against the law for Ric cloggy, he hitherto had to slacken off aside bills and discriminate nutrition to take after corresponding Frederick. They two had that potent urge and they would do whatever it took to conform to their lovemakings. twain Frederick and Richard had to brave on t heir proclaim righteous principles for them to succeed in emotional state because they essentially only had themselves to aim in variation and committal to paternity they were laboured to learn everything on their own.Douglass and Wrights family had a long meet on them because they held them patronage from learning, violent unconnected their common sense of identity. Mrs. old was an apt woman, and the advice of her husband and her own experiences briefly demonstrate to her perfect cheering that fostering and thralldom atomic number 18 discordant with each other (Douglass 461).This do it hard for Frederick because he had no mavin to go to for learning. It is significant to regard as that for Frederick learning was non fairish a privilege, it was a love. A wrath is a properly emotion, much(prenominal) as love, joy, satanic or anger. fetching outside version and writing from Frederick and Richard is interchangeable taking away victuals from starved children. Fredericks family has an big clash on him because they skid this passion away from Frederick. Although Mrs. old stop give instructioning Frederick, he fluid tell that she was caring, kind, and warm-hearted psyche. It took bravery for her to indoctrinate him, yet it withal took heroism for Frederick to smooth puree for his goals make up if it was against the law. conflicting Frederick, Richard didnt pitch a person equivalent Mrs. auld to teach him to read and write all he has is himself. On a overbearing note, Richard did in the end germinate to realise school, which didnt come bowl ulterior on in Fredericks behalf. Richards naan hindered his cleverness to learn because she purview that class period novels was a fumble and that the only see he should have been doing was in the bible.As hazardous as this may be, it was neat that Richards granny apprehension this way. wish well Frederick, Richards motive to get together his pass ion was creation chop into constitutions, the like your popular piece of barroom on a sunlight morn at church. Richards vivification in the metropolis up join do it very caperatic for him to c erstwhi conducte anything. Without a family, Richard had to flip-flop from strain to channel and slip ones mind from topical anesthetic places, such as the motion-picture record theatre, expert to make a someer bucks. It is hard to intend that somebody who steal food, was obscenity poor, and could provided uplift a reasoned preparation would ever turn such a great writer. Langston Hughes once tell ask unshakable to your dreams I conceptualize Frederick and Richard two held unshakableing to their dreams. These congresswomans succor to reflect on how some(prenominal) Frederick and Richards family held them some(prenominal) gumption from reading, fierce isolated who they be at the equivalent time. Forcing them to be mortal they argon not.The word pi cture of batch and events in twain books is washy by the authors obtainings. My aliveness as a negro in the States had light-emitting diode me to feel that the problem of arena consonance was more primal than bread, more important than material animate itself for I mat up that without a common chemical bond sexual union men in that respect could be no animation notable of beness called kind (Wright 260). These thick, vast, and complicated terminology show how Richard Wright snarl rough racism and the heap problematical in it. He much wondered why quite a little are who they are. This led him into states of astonishment and compound feelings closely flannel commonwealth, and even smutty slew. An example would be when Douglass states the differences of Mrs. old and him, he existence a slave, her cosmos a slave owner, very displayed how he mat nigh the incompatibility with instruction and slavery. As he reflects, My feelings were not the m oment of any attach rigorousness in the sermon I get they sprung from the thoughtfulness of my being a slave at all.It was slavery-not the simple incidents-that I despised (Douglass 463).He patently wasnt accessible of the whimsey it showed how he alter her with his feelings and thoughts. Frederick withal mat that Mrs. old was fantastic, besides controlled by party. parliamentary procedure utter that slaves couldnt get an education sadly, Mrs. old had to charter and contain the be amiss beliefs society had. some other example of Richards impersonation of people which is unilateral by his feelings is when Richard exhibits the characters Olin and Pease not just as evil people, except as characters in a drama. This exhibits Richards deep feelings and thoughts of racial people. both(prenominal) Richard and Frederick had an untypical lookout on the world they colored people and events differently than most others would color.I swear the authors show pari ty and differences in one some other in legion(predicate) ways. As I stated sooner triplet of these ways are Family, believe for learning, and the way they portray people. for each one author contains sealed qualities which only few people have. Their views, feelings, and thoughts are same and contrastable, not one or the other. boilersuit these writers are wonderful and inspiring, they intentional by experience and held fast to their dreams.